Understanding Beams and Columns in Structures

Beams: Horizontal Load-Bearers

In any structure, you’ll find elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. Beams are horizontal components that primarily handle vertical loads.

What is a Beam?

• A beam resists vertical loads and bends under pressure.
• It carries loads along its length to columns and foundations.
• Loads on a beam lead to reaction forces at its support ends, causing internal stresses and deflections.

Types of Beams

• Simply Supported
• Continuous Beam
• Overhanging Beam
• Cantilever Beam
• Fixed Ended Beam
• Reinforced Concrete Beam
• Steel Beam
• Composite Beam

Columns: Vertical Support

Columns are vertical elements that bear compression loads and transfer them to the foundation. They play a crucial role in load transfer from structure to foundation.

What is a Column?

• A column mainly handles compression loads and transfers them to the foundation.
• It supports beams, slabs, or arches and may serve a decorative purpose.
• Columns may also resist horizontal forces from earthquakes and wind.

Types of Columns

• Square Column
• Rectangular Column
• Circular Column
• Pentagonal Column
• Hexagonal Column
• Octagonal Column
• T-shape Column
• L-shape Column
• Timber Columns
• Masonry Columns
• RCC Columns
• Steel Columns
• Composite Columns
• Axially Loaded Column
• Eccentrically Loaded Column
• Short Column
• Long Column
• Column with longitudinal bar and lateral ties
• Column with longitudinal bar and spiral ties

Differences Between Beams and Columns

Aspect	Beam	Column
Function	Handles horizontal loads	Bears vertical compression loads
Load Transfer	Transfers loads along its length	Transfers loads from superstructure
Deflection Mode	Primarily by bending	Mainly in compression
Support Conditions	Different support methods and conditions	Supports beams, slabs, or arches
Role in Structure	Carries loads from slabs to columns and foundations	Essential for load transfer system
Strength Factors	Material strength, length, size, and cross-section	Dependent on material, size, and shape of cross-section

Understanding the roles and characteristics of beams and columns is crucial in building safe and stable structures. Each element serves a specific purpose in supporting the overall structure.